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A wide-ranging study of gains and losses of populations of bird species across Mexico in the 20th century shows shifts in temperature due to global climate change are the primary environmental influence on the distributions of bird species.
“Of all drivers examined … only temperature change had significant impacts on avifaunal turnover; neither precipitation change nor human impacts on landscapes had significant effects,” wrote the authors of the study, which appeared recently in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances.
Using analytical techniques from the field of biodiversity informatics, researchers compared current distributions with distributions in the middle 20th century for 115 bird species that are found only in Mexico. They then compared those bird community changes to patterns of change in climate and land use.
“We assessed which places appear to have lost which species,” said lead author A. Townsend Peterson, university distinguished professor of ecology evolutionary biology at the University of Kansas and senior curator at KU’s Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute.
“We picked out places that were well-characterized with data,” he said. “Once we did a dissection of what was lost where, we analyzed what could be be driving those changes. We got summaries of how much temperature, rainfall and land use had changed across the country, and that was a very interesting result because avifaunal changes were associated with temperature change only.”
The researchers created detailed maps based on data about bird occurrences in Mexico from two key sources. More than 330,000 records of historical bird occurrences were drawn from the Atlas of Distributions of Birds of Mexico project collected mostly from 1920 to 1950.
“The historical data is pretty unique to Mexico,” Peterson said. “It comes from specimens in natural history museums from around the world — 64 museums everywhere from Russia to Mexico to KU. But we’ve spent years improving the data, adding geo-references, adding and checking identification and doing other checks to be confident in the data. The old ‘Birds of Mexico’ data set is pretty unique. There aren’t very many countries that have that comprehensive a data set encompassing a major taxon like birds.”
According to Peterson, the researchers suspected temperature fluctuations caused by global climate change would be a key driver determining bird community change in the temperate zone, but they were surprised that it was the prevailing factor in a tropical area like Mexico.
Continue reading at the University of Kansas.
Bird image via Shutterstock.
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